Cloud defence: an operational challenge, a strategic imperative and a sovereignty issue

Cloud defence: an operational challenge, a strategic imperative and a sovereignty issue

Études de l'IFRI - Focus stratégique
3 February 2022

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photo : Credits : SergeyBitos/Shutterstock.com

The French Ministry of Defence has decided to make cloud computing one of the pillars of its digital transformation.

However, resorting to the cloud implies outsourcing part of the management of IT resources, which poses many challenges of a technical and cultural nature, but also political and industrial. In addition to the imperative of technological control, there are major strategic issues relating to autonomy and influence. Cloud Defence therefore depends as much on the ability of the armed forces to adapt the technology to their security and operational requirements, as on the industrial partnerships set up by the Ministry, and on national policies on the subject.

Find the whole publication by Clotilde Bomont here (in French).

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“The Shrinking of Cyberspace: a Blind Spot of Cyber Policy”

“The Shrinking of Cyberspace: a Blind Spot of Cyber Policy”

The Hague Program on Cyber Security
3 February 2022

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The Hague Program on international Cyber Security organised their 4th annual conference, this time on cyber norms.

From 9-11 November several keynotes and panel presentations on conflict, crises and the politics of cyberspace took place.

Frédérick Douzet, Geode director, gave the first keynote talk on “The Shrinking of Cyberspace: a Blind Spot of Cyber Policy”.

You can watch this keynote here. 

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“Russian Soft Power in Europe” – Round Table

“Russian Soft Power in Europe” – Round Table

Centre d'excellence Jean Monnet
3 February 2022

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The first session of the 2021/2022 Geopolitics Festival from 4 to 5 November 2021 organised by the Jean Monnet Franco-German Centre of Excellence of Science Po Strasbourg included two round tables on the following theme: “What future for the European Union-Russia relationship?”

On this occasion, Colin GERARD, Geode researcher, spoke on the round table “Russian soft power in Europe” alongside Maxime AUDINET (Institute for Strategic Research of the Military School).

The second round table entitled “Russia – EU in their near abroad” brought together Laure DELCOUR (Sorbonne Nouvelle University, College of Europe Bruges campus) and Jean-Christophe ROMER (Sciences Po Strasbourg).

Find more information on this series of conferences here.

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Contribute to IGU 2022 on geography of the datasphere

Contribute to IGU 2022 on geography of the datasphere

The Centennial Congress

13 January 2022
You can now contribute until 18th of January to the panels proposed by GEODE researchers at the International Geographical Union Congress 2022 to be held in Paris from 18 to 22 July.
 

 Panel 1: Cartography of the datasphere
 Read the description of the session here.

 Panel 2: Political geographies of data 
 Read the description of the session here.

                             Submit your proposal on the IGU website                                                                (IGU Commission Session, category Political Geography)

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Mapping Connectivity and the Digital Space in Central Asia

Mapping Connectivity and the Digital Space in Central Asia

RIPE
22 November 2021

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The RIPE has chosen to fund two projects during the year 2021 including that of our GEODE researchers Louis Petiniaud, PhD student; Kevin Limonier, assistant director who is supervising the project as well as Loqman Salamatian, PhD studen at Columbia University.

This research project makes the connection between Internet and network mapping combined with techniques and methods of cartography. It will explore and develop methods aiming at better understanding interactions between the Internet and the topographical and geopolitical space.

The project will focus on the macro-region of Central Asia (focusing on Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan). The researchers intend to produce a comprehensive and diverse set of maps and visualisations that provide insights on the local Internet as situated in the geographical and geopolitical context of Central Asia.

It is an almost enclaved network, with limited connections to the major networks of the Internet, and with few Internet infrastructures. The structure of the network is undergoing changes, and may be bound to change at a faster rate in the coming months, given the technical and geopolitical investments of foreign actors in the region

The primary objective of the project is to develop a cartography of the digital space at three levels: routing architecture, data paths, and latency, and to elaborate methods to apply them to topographical maps that will include geographic and geopolitical qualitative data.

Find all the information about this project on the RIPE website here

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GEODE – Cyberstability Index Final Report – Paris Call

GEODE – Cyberstability Index Final Report – Paris Call

Cyber Peace Institute
10 November 2021

Building a Cyberstability Index

The Cyber Peace Institute has published this report elaborated in partnership with GEODE and The Hague Center for Strategic Studies as part of Working Group 5 of the Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace.

Working Group 5’s report presents a methodology to understand how the implementation of normative, legal, operational and technical measures, or the lack thereof, contribute to stability in cyberspace and ultimately to cyberpeace. It also outlines various key findings and challenges that emerged throughout the process, such as the lack of accessible data relating to cyberstability.

The Paris Call is a multistakeholder initiative that was launched by the French government at the Paris Peace Forum in November 2018. The CyberPeace Institute co-leads Working Group 5 on Building a Cyberstability Index with colleagues from GEODE (Géopolitique de la Datasphère) and the Hague Centre for Strategic Studies (HCSS).

Read the full report here

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Round Table “Digital Sovereignty: Discourses and Practices” Oct. 20, 2021

Round Table “Digital Sovereignty: Discourses and Practices” Oct. 20, 2021

Event

Speakers

Since the 1990s, the growth of data flows and the broader digital transformation were often described as important drivers and accelerators of a global integration and the formation of a post-territorial world. However, this vision of an open and networked world quickly came up against geopolitical realities. Authoritarian states – in particular Russia and China – were the first to assert in the 2000s their desire to exercise their regal power in the digital domain. Over the past decade or so, this idea has spread throughout the world, taking very different forms from one country or region to another. The concept of “digital sovereignty” has emerged as the catalyst for this new strategic posture of States, but it gives rise to many and sometimes antagonistic discourses. Far from being a neutral and universal concept, “digital sovereignty” appears rather as a protean representation used by national and international actors to legitimize policies and practices, and to spread their values in the digital space.

            For more than two years, the GEODE center (Geopolitics of the Datasphere) at the University of Paris 8 and the “Discourses and Practices of Digital Sovereignty” project at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg have brought together some forty researchers in the humanities, social sciences and computer science to establish a panorama of the different approaches to “digital sovereignty” around the world. The results of these discussions will be published in an international book to be released in 2022.

We invite you to come and discover this collective work, during a round table with some of the authors on Wednesday, October 20, 2021 – 6:00 pm to 7:30 pm.

The event will take place in a hybrid way :

  • On site at the Condorcet Campus (Centre des Colloques, Salle 100, 2 rue des Fillettes 93300 Aubervilliers). Covid certificate mandatory
  • In videoconference (link sent upon registration)

Among the speakers:

  • Frédérick Douzet (Prof. Dr.), Professor at the French Institute of Geopolitics (Paris 8 University), GEODE director;
  • Georg Glazse (Prof. Dr.), Professor at Erlangen-Nürnberg University;
  • Rogier Creemers (Dr.), Associate Professor at Leiden University;
  • Amael Cattaruzza (Prof. Dr.), Professor at the French Institute of Geopolitics (Paris 8 University);
  • Alix Desforges (Dr.), Postdoctoral student at GEODE;
  • Max Münßinger (M.A.), PhD candidate at Erlangen-Nürnberg University;
  • Clotilde Bômont (M.A.), Research fellow at GEODE, PhD candidate at Panthéon-Sorbonne University;
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Loqman Salamatian, Frédérick Douzet, Kavé Salamatian & Kevin Limonier “The geopolitics behind the routes data travel: a case study of Iran”

Loqman Salamatian, Frédérick Douzet, Kavé Salamatian & Kevin Limonier “The geopolitics behind the routes data travel: a case study of Iran”

Journal of Cybersecurity
17 September 2021

Authors

Read the article co-authored by Loqman Salamatian, Frédérick Douzet, Kavé Salamatian et Kevin Limonier “The geopolitics behind the routes data travel: a case study of Iran” in the Journal of Cybersecurity.

Abstract: “In November 2019, in the wake of political demonstrations against the regime, Iran managed to selectively cut off most traffic from the global Internet while fully operating its own domestic network. It seemingly confirmed the main hypothesis our research had led us to, based on prior observation of data routing: Iran’s architecture of connectivity enables selective censorship of international traffic. This paper examines, through the case of Iran, how states can leverage the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) as a tool of geopolitical control and what are the trade-offs they face. This question raises a methodological question that we also address: how the analysis of BGP can infer and document these strategies of territorialization of cyberspace. The Internet is a network of networks where each network is an autonomous system. Autonomous systems (ASes) are independent administrative entities controlled by a variety of actors such as governments, companies and universities. Their administrators have to agree and communicate on the path followed by packets travelling across the Internet, which is made possible by BGP. Agreements between ASes are often confidential but BGP requires neighbouring ASes to interact with each other in order to coordinate routing through the constant release of connectivity update messages. These messages announce the availability (or withdrawal) of a sequence of ASes that can be followed to reach an IP address prefix. In our study, we inferred the structure of Iran’s connectivity through the capture and analysis of these BGP announcements. We show how the particularities of Iran’s BGP and connectivity structure can enable active measures, such as censorship, both internally and externally throughout the network. We argue that Iran has found a way to reconcile a priori conflicting strategic goals: developing a self-sustaining and resilient domestic Internet, but with tight control at its borders. It thus enables the regime to leverage connectivity as a tool of censorship in the face of social instability and as a tool of regional influence in the context of strategic competition.”

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GEODE at the 34th International Geographical Congress

GEODE at the 34th International Geographical Congress

IGC
19 August 2021

Authors

On Wednesday, August 18, several GEODE researchers presented the results of their research during the 34th edition of the International Geographical Congress.

From 12:30 to 1:30 pm, Amaël Cattaruzza chaired the first part of the panel “Geopolitics of the Datasphere” which focused on the politics of data:

  • Clotilde Bomont and Amael Cattaruzza – “From a technical Component to a geopolitical object : cloud computing, a security issue for France”.
  • Charlotte Escorne – “Strategic issues of 5G deployment in French-speaking Africa”.
  • Ilan Scialom – “Bringing the concept of coopetition into the field of political geography: the example of Israel and Saudi Arabia in digital security”.
  • Margot François – “Analyzing the Cuban connection: several ‘digital spaces’ for a geopolitical approach”.

From 3:00 to 4:00 p.m. (GMT), Alix Desforges chaired the second part of the panel on the theme “Mapping the Routes of the Internet: Data, Topologies, Power” which included the following presentations:

  • Louis Pétiniaud, Loqman Salamatian and Colin Gérard – “On a collaborative effort to map the internet”
  • Loqman Salamatian, Louis Pétiniaud and Kavé Salamatian – “The journey, not the destination matters: Untangling data and sovereignty in the Far West”
  • Hugo Estecahandy – “The geopolitical stakes for cryptocurrencies in Russia through the analysis of their mining industries in Eastern Siberia”
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Kevin Limonier & Marlène Laruelle “Beyond “hybrid warfare”: a digital exploration of Russia’s entrepreneurs of influence”

Kevin Limonier & Marlène Laruelle “Beyond “hybrid warfare”: a digital exploration of Russia’s entrepreneurs of influence”

POST-SOVIET AFFAIRS
19 August 2021

Author

Read the article co-authored by Marlène Laruelle and Kévin Limonier “Beyond “hybrid warfare”: a digital exploration of Russia’s entrepreneurs of influence” for Post-Soviet Affairs, Volume 37, Issue 4.

Abstract : “This article argues that to capture Russia’s influence abroad, one needs to comprehend the country’s “gray diplomacy” as a neoliberal realm open to individual initiatives. We define “entrepreneurs of influence” as people who invest their own money or social capital to build influence abroad in hopes of being rewarded by the Kremlin . We test this notion by looking at both famous and unknown entrepreneurs of influence and their digital activities. We divide them into three broad categories based on their degree of proximity to the authorities: the tycoons (Yevgeny Prigozhin and Konstantin Malofeev), the timeservers (Alexander Yonov and Alexander Malkevich), and the frontline pioneers (the Belgian Luc Michel). An analysis of the technical data documenting their online activities shows that some of these initiatives, while inscribed into Moscow’s broad aspirations to great powerness, are based on the specific agendas of their promoters, and thus outlines the inherent limits of Moscow’s endeavors.”

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